The important difference of livestock farms with other sectors is the level of RISK and uncertainty existence in this sector. In the first part of investigation, the DEGREE of RISK in poultry Industry is empirically estimated using the safety-first rule. The result shows that the majority of poultries are facing with a high DEGREE of RISK AVERSION. The last part of investigation discusses the relation between the DEGREE of RISK AVERSION and economic-social properties of poultries (e.g. age, experiment, literacy, insurance and production period, etc…). Empirical results demonstrate that only literacy and production period has significant effect on DEGREE of RISK AVERSION of poultries. Where as the other factors has not significant effect on DEGREE of RISK AVERSION of producers.

Given the importance of understanding the agricultural RISK behavior for useful policy making in agriculture, this study aimed at determining the DEGREE of absolute RISK AVERSION of farmers in Goharbaran region of Sari County in Iran using multi criteria decision making (MCDM) analysis. Then, the relation between the DEGREE of RISK AVERSION of the farmers and their socio-economic characteristics were investigated. Required data were collected through questionnaires and interviews with 250 farmers in 2014. The study results showed that majority of the farmers belonged to the group with high level of RISK averse; and among their effective socio-economic characteristics (including age, education, farm size, family size, agricultural income, percentage of income from farming, land ownership, farming experience and loan), the variables of agricultural income, percentage of income from farming and family size were positively and farm size and loan negatively correlated with the absolute DEGREE of RISK AVERSION of the farmers. Considering the high DEGREE of RISK AVERSION among majority of the studied farmers, the RISK management would seem to be highly important. Therefore, a number of measures like common cultivation, product diversification and population control by the farmers themselves and strategies such as development of cooperatives, credit expansion, guaranteed prices, insurance and establishment and development of futures markets by policy makers were suggested.

The preferences of individuals towards RISK are one of the most important economic variables and have a significant impact on economic decisions. Investment decisions, consumption, saving, purchases of insurance and future contracts are among the decisions where RISK preferences play a key role. Considering the importance of RISK preferences in the decision-making process, it is necessary to calculate an indicator that can show the state of RISK-orientation in the whole economy. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the time series of the RISK AVERSION parameter in Iran's economy based on quarterly data during the period of 2002-2017. For this purpose, Time-Varying parameter GARCH in mean models was used. Estimates of RISK AVERSION in Iran's economy showed that this parameter was not constant in Iran's economy and fluctuated between 0. 81 and 7. 6 over the period under study. The results also showed that RISK AVERSION is much lower in the boom period than the recession and has a countercyclical behavior.

Identification and analysis of farmers’ vulnerability associated with their RISK AVERSION DEGREE is one of the necessary requirements for planning and reducing impacts of drought in Iran. So, this study was investigated three RISK vulnerability parameters (economic, social and technical) among wheat farmers categorized in accordance with their RISK AVERSION DEGREE in the Mashhad County (Iran) between drought years of 2009-2011. Vulnerability parameters were determined by Delphi technique. For measuring vulnerability and RISK AVERSION DEGREE, formula of Me-Bar and Valdes and method of Safety First Rule were applied respectively. Findings revealed that in social vulnerability indicators; education level, collaboratively farming activities and dependency on government and in technical vulnerability; irrigation method, cultivation method and type of cultivation; RISK averse farmers have had the highest vulnerability level under drought conditions. While respecting economic vulnerability, RISK neutral farmers (in insuring for crops, sale prices of crops and the type of land ownership), have had the highest vulnerability level.